RPM代表“ Redhat Package Manager”,它是用于基于RHEL / CentOS的操作系统的命令行软件包管理工具。您可以使用RPM命令安装,卸载,更新,查询和验证软件包。该工具仅适用于以.rpm格式构建的软件包。RPM命令只能安装指定的软件包,不能安装该软件包所需的依赖项。
在本教程中,我们将通过一些示例向您展示如何使用RPM软件包管理器。
先决条件
- 运行CentOS,RHEL或Fedora的服务器。
- 在您的服务器上配置了root密码。
基本语法
RPM命令的基本语法如下所示:
rpm [OPTION] [PACKAGENAME]
您可以使用以下命令,使用RPM命令列出所有可用选项:
rpm --help
您应该看到以下屏幕:
使用RPM安装,更新和删除软件包
在安装任何RPM软件包之前,您可以使用以下命令列出该软件包的依赖性:
rpm -qpR epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
输出:
warning: epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 2f86d6a1: NOKEY config(epel-release) = 8-7.el8 redhat-release >= 8 rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(FileDigests) <= 4.6.0-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1 rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) <= 5.2-1
您还可以使用以下命令获取该软件包的信息:
rpm -qip epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
输出:
warning: epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 2f86d6a1: NOKEY Name : epel-release Version : 8 Release : 7.el8 Architecture: noarch Install Date: (not installed) Group : System Environment/Base Size : 30269 License : GPLv2 Signature : RSA/SHA256, Thursday 10 October 2019 12:19:30 PM EDT, Key ID 21ea45ab2f86d6a1 Source RPM : epel-release-8-7.el8.src.rpm Build Date : Thursday 10 October 2019 12:16:18 PM EDT Build Host : buildvm-04.phx2.fedoraproject.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : Fedora Project Vendor : Fedora Project URL : http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel Bug URL : https://bugz.fedoraproject.org/epel-release Summary : Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux repository configuration Description : This package contains the Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL) repository GPG key as well as configuration for yum.
您可以使用以下命令安装此软件包:
rpm -ivh epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
输出:
warning: epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 2f86d6a1: NOKEY Verifying... ################################# [100%] Preparing... ################################# [100%] Updating / installing... 1:epel-release-8-7.el8 ################################# [100%]
您可以使用以下命令安装任何无依赖的RPM软件包:
rpm -ivh --nodeps epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
要更新已安装的RPM软件包,请运行以下命令:
rpm -Uvh epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
输出:
warning: epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 2f86d6a1: NOKEY Verifying... ################################# [100%] Preparing... ################################# [100%] package epel-release-8-7.el8.noarch is already installed
要删除已安装的RPM软件包,请运行以下命令:
rpm -ev epel-release
输出:
正在准备软件包... epel-release-8-7.el8.noarch
使用RPM显示包装信息
要显示任何软件包的详细信息,请运行以下命令:
rpm -ql epel-release
输出:
/etc/httpd/conf.d/autoindex.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-base.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-dav.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-lua.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-optional.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-proxy.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-systemd.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-cgi.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/magic /etc/logrotate.d/httpd /etc/sysconfig/htcacheclean
您可以使用以下命令找到任何软件包的配置文件:
rpm -qc httpd
输出:
/etc/httpd/conf.d/autoindex.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/userdir.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-base.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-dav.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-lua.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-optional.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-proxy.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-systemd.conf /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-cgi.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf / etc / httpd / conf / magic /etc/logrotate.d/httpd / etc / sysconfig / htcacheclean
您可以使用以下命令显示有关任何软件包的更多信息:
rpm -qi httpd
输出:
Name : httpd Version : 2.4.37 Release : 16.module_el8.1.0+256+ae790463 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: Thursday 23 January 2020 11:48:36 PM EST Group : System Environment/Daemons Size : 5611291 License : ASL 2.0 Signature : RSA/SHA256, Monday 23 December 2019 05:22:02 PM EST, Key ID 05b555b38483c65d Source RPM : httpd-2.4.37-16.module_el8.1.0+256+ae790463.src.rpm Build Date : Monday 23 December 2019 03:46:30 PM EST Build Host : x86-02.mbox.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS Buildsys <bugs@centos.org> Vendor : CentOS URL : https://httpd.apache.org/ Summary : Apache HTTP Server Description : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible web server.
使用以下命令从目录或文件中查找软件包:
rpm -qf /etc/NetworkManager/
输出:
NetworkManager-1.14.0-14.el8.x86_64 dhcp-client-4.3.6-30.el8.x86_64
使用RPM验证软件包
使用以下命令在安装任何软件包之前对其进行验证:
rpm -Vp epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
输出:
warning: epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 2f86d6a1: NOKEY
要验证所有已安装的rpm软件包,请运行以下命令:
rpm -Va
输出:
.......T. c /etc/kdump.conf .M....... g /var/lib/plymouth/boot-duration .M....... g /var/cache/dnf/packages.db .....UG.. g /var/lib/sss/mc/group .....UG.. g /var/lib/sss/mc/initgroups .....UG.. g /var/lib/sss/mc/passwd .M....... c /etc/rc.d/rc.local .M....... c /etc/machine-id
使用RPM检查有关已安装软件包的信息
使用以下命令验证是否已安装任何软件包:
要验证已安装的软件包,请运行以下命令:
rpm -q epel-release
如果已安装指定的软件包,则应该看到以下输出:
epel-release-8-7.el8.noarch
要验证未安装的软件包,请运行以下命令:
rpm -q mysql-server
您应该获得以下输出:
package mysql-server is not installed
要列出系统中安装的所有软件包,请运行以下命令:
rpm -qa
输出:
dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64 platform-python-pip-9.0.3-13.el8.noarch geolite2-country-20180605-1.el8.noarch symlinks-1.4-19.el8.x86_64 python3-six-1.11.0-8.el8.noarch fontpackages-filesystem-1.44-22.el8.noarch rootfiles-8.1-22.el8.noarch polkit-0.115-6.el8.x86_64 xkeyboard-config-2.24-3.el8.noarch iwl6050-firmware-41.28.5.1-92.el8.1.noarch libmodulemd1-1.8.0-5.el8.x86_64 pkgconf-m4-1.4.2-1.el8.noarch iwl5000-firmware-8.83.5.1_1-92.el8.1.noarch samba-common-4.9.1-8.el8.noarch kbd-misc-2.0.4-8.el8.noarch
要按名称和大小列出所有已安装的软件包,请运行以下命令:
rpm -qa --queryformat '%{name} %{size}\n'
输出:
dos2unix 682042 platform-python-pip 7746190 geolite2-country 3424334 symlinks 19682 python3-six 100282 fontpackages-filesystem 0 rootfiles 599
使用RPM查找任何软件包的手册页
您可以运行以下命令来了解拥有文件或文件夹的软件包的文档列表。
rpm -qdf /etc/NetworkManager/
输出:
/usr/share/doc/NetworkManager/AUTHORS /usr/share/doc/NetworkManager/CONTRIBUTING /usr/share/doc/NetworkManager/NEWS /usr/share/doc/NetworkManager/README /usr/share/doc/NetworkManager/TODO /usr/share/doc/NetworkManager/examples/server.conf /usr/share/man/man1/nm-online.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/nmcli.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/NetworkManager.conf.5.gz /usr/share/man/man5/nm-settings-ifcfg-rh.5.gz /usr/share/man/man5/nm-settings-keyfile.5.gz /usr/share/man/man5/nm-settings.5.gz /usr/share/man/man5/nm-system-settings.conf.5.gz /usr/share/man/man7/nmcli-examples.7.gz /usr/share/man/man8/NetworkManager.8.gz /usr/share/doc/dhcp-client/README.dhclient.d /usr/share/doc/dhcp-client/dhclient-enter-hooks /usr/share/doc/dhcp-client/dhclient.conf.example /usr/share/doc/dhcp-client/dhclient6.conf.example /usr/share/man/man5/dhclient.conf.5.gz /usr/share/man/man5/dhclient.leases.5.gz /usr/share/man/man8/dhclient-script.8.gz /usr/share/man/man8/dhclient.8.gz
结论
在以上教程中,我们学习了如何在CentOS 8操作系统上使用RPM管理软件包。
原文:https://www.howtoforge.com/centos-redhat-rpm-command/